Intro
If you installed Raspbian from the NOOBS distribution as I do, then you may occasionally “blow up” your installation as I just have! You have an out, sort of, short of re-imaging the disk, though about with the same impact.
To interrupt the boot process and enter recovery mode, attach a USB keyboard and repeatedly hit the Shift key. You should come to the NOOBS OS install selection screen. Just re-install Rasbian again…
Symptoms
When I powered up, I got the initial multi-color screen. Then a two-line text message popped up – too quickly to be read, then a grayish screen, then it split into a lower and upper part, then both halves faded away and there it stayed… At that point it was not responsive to any keyboard inputs or mouse clicks.
Conclusion
While doing my advanced slide show and rotating display project i somehow managed to blow up my OS. finding the way to interrupt the boot-up was not so easy so I am amplifying the answer that worked for me on the Internet: repeatedly hit the Shift key during the boot, until you see the NOOBS image selector screen.
Intro
All my spouse’s digital photo frames are either broken or nearly broken – probably she got them from garage sales. Regardless, they spend 99% of the the time black. Now, since I had bought that Raspberry Pi PiDisplay awhile back, and it is underutilized, and I know a thing or two about linux, I felt I could create a custom photo frame with things I already have lying around – a Raspberry Pi 3, a PiDisplay, and my personal Google Drive. We make a point to copy all our cameras’ pictures onto the Google Drive, which we do the old-fashioned, by-hand way. After 17 years of digital photos we have about 40,000 of them, over 200 GB.
So I also felt obliged to create features you will never have in a commercial product, to make the effort worthwhile. I thought, what about randomly picking a few for display from amongst all the pictures, displaying that subset for a few days, and then moving on to a new randomly selected sample of images, etc? That should produce a nice review of all of them over time, eventually. You need an approach like that because you will never get to the end if you just try to display 40000 images in order!
The scripts
Here is the master file which I call master.sh.
#!/bin/sh
# DrJ 8/2019
# call this from cron once a day to refesh random slideshow once a day
RANFILE="random.list"
NUMFOLDERS=20
DISPLAYFOLDER="/home/pi/Pictures"
DISPLAYFOLDERTMP="/home/pi/Picturestmp"
SLEEPINTERVAL=3
DEBUG=1
STARTFOLDER="MaryDocs/Pictures and videos"
echo "Starting master process at "`date`
mkdir $DISPLAYFOLDERTMP
#listing of all Google drive files starting from the picture root
if [ $DEBUG -eq 1 ]; then echo Listing all files from Google drive; fi
rclone ls remote:"$STARTFOLDER" > files
# filter down to only jpegs, lose the docs folders
if [ $DEBUG -eq 1 ]; then echo Picking out the JPEGs; fi
egrep '\.[jJ][pP][eE]?[gG]$' files |awk '{$1=""; print substr($0,2)}'|grep -i -v /docs/ > jpegs.list
# throw NUMFOLDERS or so random numbers for picture selection, select triplets of photos by putting
# names into a file
if [ $DEBUG -eq 1 ]; then echo Generate random filename triplets; fi
./random-files.pl -f $NUMFOLDERS -j jpegs.list -r $RANFILE
# copy over these 60 jpegs
if [ $DEBUG -eq 1 ]; then echo Copy over these random files; fi
cat $RANFILE|while read line; do
rclone copy remote:"${STARTFOLDER}/$line" $DISPLAYFOLDERTMP
sleep $SLEEPINTERVAL
done
# kill any qiv slideshow
if [ $DEBUG -eq 1 ]; then echo Killing old qiv slideshow; fi
pkill -9 -f qiv
# remove old pics
if [ $DEBUG -eq 1 ]; then echo Removing old pictures; fi
rm -rf $DISPLAYFOLDER
mv $DISPLAYFOLDERTMP $DISPLAYFOLDER
#run looping qiv slideshow on these pictures
if [ $DEBUG -eq 1 ]; then echo Start qiv slideshow in background; fi
cd $DISPLAYFOLDER ; nohup ~/qiv.sh &
if [ $DEBUG -eq 1 ]; then echo "And now it is "`date`; fi
#!/bin/sh
# DrJ 8/2019
# call this from cron once a day to refesh random slideshow once a day
RANFILE="random.list"
NUMFOLDERS=20
DISPLAYFOLDER="/home/pi/Pictures"
DISPLAYFOLDERTMP="/home/pi/Picturestmp"
SLEEPINTERVAL=3
DEBUG=1
STARTFOLDER="MaryDocs/Pictures and videos"
echo "Starting master process at "`date`
mkdir $DISPLAYFOLDERTMP
#listing of all Google drive files starting from the picture root
if [ $DEBUG -eq 1 ]; then echo Listing all files from Google drive; fi
rclone ls remote:"$STARTFOLDER" > files
# filter down to only jpegs, lose the docs folders
if [ $DEBUG -eq 1 ]; then echo Picking out the JPEGs; fi
egrep '\.[jJ][pP][eE]?[gG]$' files |awk '{$1=""; print substr($0,2)}'|grep -i -v /docs/ > jpegs.list
# throw NUMFOLDERS or so random numbers for picture selection, select triplets of photos by putting
# names into a file
if [ $DEBUG -eq 1 ]; then echo Generate random filename triplets; fi
./random-files.pl -f $NUMFOLDERS -j jpegs.list -r $RANFILE
# copy over these 60 jpegs
if [ $DEBUG -eq 1 ]; then echo Copy over these random files; fi
cat $RANFILE|while read line; do
rclone copy remote:"${STARTFOLDER}/$line" $DISPLAYFOLDERTMP
sleep $SLEEPINTERVAL
done
# kill any qiv slideshow
if [ $DEBUG -eq 1 ]; then echo Killing old qiv slideshow; fi
pkill -9 -f qiv
# remove old pics
if [ $DEBUG -eq 1 ]; then echo Removing old pictures; fi
rm -rf $DISPLAYFOLDER
mv $DISPLAYFOLDERTMP $DISPLAYFOLDER
#run looping qiv slideshow on these pictures
if [ $DEBUG -eq 1 ]; then echo Start qiv slideshow in background; fi
cd $DISPLAYFOLDER ; nohup ~/qiv.sh &
if [ $DEBUG -eq 1 ]; then echo "And now it is "`date`; fi
Needless to say, but I’d better say it, the STARTFOLDER in this script is particular to my own Google drive. Customize it as appropriate for your situation.
Then qiv (quick image viewer) is called with a bunch of arguments and some trickery to ensure proper display of files with spaces in the filenames (an anathema for Linux but my spouse doesn’t know that so I gotta deal with it). I call this script qiv.sh.
#!/bin/sh
# -f : full-screen; -R : disable deletion; -s : slideshow; -d : delay <secs>; -i : status-bar;
# -m : zoom; [-r : ranomdize]
# this doesn't handle filenames with spaces:
##cd /media; qiv -f -R -s -d 5 -i -m `find /media -regex ".+\.jpe?g$"`
# this one does:
export DISPLAY=:0
if [ "$1" = "l" ]; then
# print out proposed filenames
find . -regex ".+\.[jJ][pP][eE]?[gG]$"
else
# args: f fullscreen d delay s slideshow l autorotate R readonly I statusbar
# i nostatusbar m maxspect
find . -regex ".+\.[jJ][pP][eE]?[gG]$" -print0|xargs -0 qiv -fRsmil -d 5
fi
#!/bin/sh
# -f : full-screen; -R : disable deletion; -s : slideshow; -d : delay <secs>; -i : status-bar;
# -m : zoom; [-r : ranomdize]
# this doesn't handle filenames with spaces:
##cd /media; qiv -f -R -s -d 5 -i -m `find /media -regex ".+\.jpe?g$"`
# this one does:
export DISPLAY=:0
if [ "$1" = "l" ]; then
# print out proposed filenames
find . -regex ".+\.[jJ][pP][eE]?[gG]$"
else
# args: f fullscreen d delay s slideshow l autorotate R readonly I statusbar
# i nostatusbar m maxspect
find . -regex ".+\.[jJ][pP][eE]?[gG]$" -print0|xargs -0 qiv -fRsmil -d 5
fi
Here is the perl script which generates the random numbers and associates them to the file listing we’ve just made with rclone, random-files.pl.
#!/usr/bin/perluse Getopt::Std;my%opt=();
getopts("df:j:r:",\%opt);$nofolders=$opt{f}?$opt{f}:20;$DEBUG=$opt{d}?1:0;$jpegs=$opt{j}?$opt{j}:"jpegs.list";$ranpicfile=$opt{r}?$opt{r}:"jpegs-random.list";print"d,f,j,r: $opt{d}, $opt{f}, $opt{j}, $opt{r}\n"if$DEBUG;open(JPEGS,$jpegs)||die"Cannot open jpegs listing file $jpegs!!\n";@jpegs=<JPEGS>;# remove newline character$nopics=chomp@jpegs;open(RAN,"> $ranpicfile")||die"Cannot open random picture file $ranpicfile!!\n";for($i=0;$i<$nofolders;$i++){$t=int(rand($nopics-2));print"random number is: $t\n"if$DEBUG;($dateTime)=$jpegs[$t]=~/(\d{8}_\d{6})/;if($dateTime){print"dateTime\n"if$DEBUG;}$priorPic=$jpegs[$t-2];$Pic=$jpegs[$t];$postPic=$jpegs[$t+2];print RAN qq($priorPic$Pic$postPic);}close(RAN);
#!/usr/bin/perl
use Getopt::Std;
my %opt=();
getopts("df:j:r:",\%opt);
$nofolders = $opt{f} ? $opt{f} : 20;
$DEBUG = $opt{d} ? 1 : 0;
$jpegs = $opt{j} ? $opt{j} : "jpegs.list";
$ranpicfile = $opt{r} ? $opt{r} : "jpegs-random.list";
print "d,f,j,r: $opt{d}, $opt{f}, $opt{j}, $opt{r}\n" if $DEBUG;
open(JPEGS,$jpegs) || die "Cannot open jpegs listing file $jpegs!!\n";
@jpegs = <JPEGS>;
# remove newline character
$nopics = chomp @jpegs;
open(RAN,"> $ranpicfile") || die "Cannot open random picture file $ranpicfile!!\n";
for($i=0;$i<$nofolders;$i++) {
$t = int(rand($nopics-2));
print "random number is: $t\n" if $DEBUG;
($dateTime) = $jpegs[$t] =~ /(\d{8}_\d{6})/;
if ($dateTime) {
print "dateTime\n" if $DEBUG;
}
$priorPic = $jpegs[$t-2];
$Pic = $jpegs[$t];
$postPic = $jpegs[$t+2];
print RAN qq($priorPic
$Pic
$postPic
);
}
close(RAN);
Note that to display 60 pictures only 20 random numbers are used, and then the picture 2 prior and the picture two after the one selected by the random number are also displayed. This helps to provide, hopefully, some context to what is being shown without showing all those duplicate pictures that everyone takes nowadays.
There is an attempt to favor recently uploaded pictures but I really haven’t perfected that part of master.sh, it’s more of a thought at this point.
My crontab entries take care of starting a slideshow upon first boot as well as a daily pick of 60 new random pictures!
Rclone shown in some detail
The real magic is tapping into the Google Drive, which is done with rclone. There are older packages but they are awful by comparison so don’t waste your time on any other package.
$ sudo apt-get install rclone
$ rclone config
2019/08/05 20:22:42 NOTICE: Config file "/home/pi/.config/rclone/rclone.conf" not found - using defaults
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/s/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
6 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
7 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
8 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
9 / Local Disk
\ "local"
10 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
11 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
12 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage>7
Google Application Client Id
Leave blank normally.
Enter a string value. Press Enter for the default ("").
client_id>
Google Application Client Secret
Leave blank normally.
Enter a string value. Press Enter for the default ("").
client_secret>
Remote config
Use auto config?
* Say Y if not sure
* Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine or Y didn't work
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> N
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/auth?client_id=202264815644.apps.googleusercontent.com&redirect_uri=urn%3Aietf%3Awg%3Aoauth%3A2.0%3Aoob&response_type=code&scope=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.googleapis.com%2Fauth%2Fdrive&state=07ab6a457efc9384772f919dca93375
Log in and authorize rclone for access
2019/08/05 20:22:42 NOTICE: Config file "/home/pi/.config/rclone/rclone.conf" not found - using defaults
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/s/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
6 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
7 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
8 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
9 / Local Disk
\ "local"
10 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
11 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
12 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage>7
Google Application Client Id
Leave blank normally.
Enter a string value. Press Enter for the default ("").
client_id>
Google Application Client Secret
Leave blank normally.
Enter a string value. Press Enter for the default ("").
client_secret>
Remote config
Use auto config?
* Say Y if not sure
* Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine or Y didn't work
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> N
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/auth?client_id=202264815644.apps.googleusercontent.com&redirect_uri=urn%3Aietf%3Awg%3Aoauth%3A2.0%3Aoob&response_type=code&scope=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.googleapis.com%2Fauth%2Fdrive&state=07ab6a457efc9384772f919dca93375
Log in and authorize rclone for access
You sign in to your Google account with a regular browser.
After sign-in you see:
rclone wants to access your Google Account
<your_account>@gmail.com
This will allow rclone
to:
See, edit, create, and delete all of your Google Drive files
Make sure you trust rclone
After clicking Allow you get:
Please copy this code, switch to your application and paste it there:
Enter verification code>4/nQEXJZOTdP_asMs6UQZ5ucs6ecvoiLPelQbhI76rnuj4sFjptxbjm7w
--------------------
[remote]
client_id =
client_secret =
token = {"access_token":"ya29.Il-KB3eniEpkdUGhwdi8XyZyfBFIF2ahRVQtrr7kR-E2lIExSh3C1j-PAB-JZucL1j9D801Wbh2_OEDHthV2jk_MsrKCMiLSibX7oa_YtFxts-V9CxRRUirF1_kPHi5u_Q","token_type":"Bearer","refresh_token":"1/MQP8jevISJL1iEXH9gaNc7LIsABC-92TpmqwtRJ3zV8","expiry":"2019-09-21T08:34:19.251821011-04:00"}
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
Current remotes:
Name Type
==== ====
remote drive
e) Edit existing remote
n) New remote
d) Delete remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
e/n/d/r/s/q>q
Please copy this code, switch to your application and paste it there:
Enter verification code>4/nQEXJZOTdP_asMs6UQZ5ucs6ecvoiLPelQbhI76rnuj4sFjptxbjm7w
--------------------
[remote]
client_id =
client_secret =
token = {"access_token":"ya29.Il-KB3eniEpkdUGhwdi8XyZyfBFIF2ahRVQtrr7kR-E2lIExSh3C1j-PAB-JZucL1j9D801Wbh2_OEDHthV2jk_MsrKCMiLSibX7oa_YtFxts-V9CxRRUirF1_kPHi5u_Q","token_type":"Bearer","refresh_token":"1/MQP8jevISJL1iEXH9gaNc7LIsABC-92TpmqwtRJ3zV8","expiry":"2019-09-21T08:34:19.251821011-04:00"}
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
Current remotes:
Name Type
==== ====
remote drive
e) Edit existing remote
n) New remote
d) Delete remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
e/n/d/r/s/q>q
Note you can very well keep the root folder id blank. In my case we store all our pictures in one top-level folder and the nested folders get pretty deep, plus there’s a busload of other things on the drive, so I wanted to give rclone the best possible shot at running well. Still, listing our 40,000+ pictures takes 90 seconds or so.
Goofed up your config of rclone? No worries. Remove .config/rclone and start over.
Don’t forget to make all these scripts executable (chmod +x <script_name>:)or you will end up seeing messages like this:
./master.sh
-bash: ./master.sh: Permission denied
./master.sh
-bash: ./master.sh: Permission denied
Some noteworthy rclone commands rclone ls remote: – lists all files, going recursively, no problem with MORE rclone lsd remote: lists directories in top level of drive rclone copy remote:”MaryDocs/Pictures and videos/Shutterfly books collection of photos/JJH birth photos/img2165.jpg” . : copies picture to current directory (does not create directory hierarchy)
Do a complete directory listing, capture the results in a file and see how long it took:
$ time rclone ls remote: > lsf-complete
real 1m12.201s
user 0m15.270s
sys 0m1.816s
real 1m12.201s
user 0m15.270s
sys 0m1.816s
My initial thought was to do a remote mount of the Google Drive onto a Raspberry Pi mount point, but it’s just so slow that it really provides no advantage to do it that way.
Some encountered issues
Well, I blew up on crontab, which in all my years working with linux/unix I’ve never done before. But I managed to fix it.
Prior to discovering rclone I made the mistake of using gdrivefs to create a mounted Google Drive – sounds great in principle, right? What a disaster. The files’ binary data were not correctly preserved when accessed through the mount though the size was! I have also never encountered a mounting software that corrupted files, but this piece of garbage does. One way to detect corruption in a binary file is to do a cksum (or md5sum, just be consistent and use one or the other) of source file and destination version of same file. The result should be the same number.
Imagined but avoided issue: JPEG orientation
I had prepared a whole python program to orient my pictures correctly, but lo and behold I “discovered” that the -l switch in qiv does that for you! So I actually ripped that whole unnecessary step out.
Conclusion
Re-purposing equipment I had lying around: Raspberry Pi 3, Pi Display, and 40,000 JPEG images on Google Drive, I put together a novel photoframe slideshow which randomly displays a different set of 60 pictures each day. It’s a nice way for us to be exposed to our collection of 17+ years of digital photos.
The qiv really is a quick image viewer, i.e., the slideshow runs clean, like a real one.
Long Todo list
Improve selection of recent pictures if we’ve just uploaded a bunch of pictures from our smartphones.
Hey, how about also showing some of those short videos we also shot with our camera phones and uploaded to Google Drive? And while we’re at it, re-purposing those cheap USB speakers I bought for RetroPi gaming to get the sound, or play a soundtrack!?
I realize that although the selection of the 20 anchor pictures is initially random, when they plus the 40 additional photos are presented for display additional order is imposed by the shell’s expansion of the regex and this has a tendency to make the pictures more chronologically organized than they would be by chance.
Intro
I can not find a link on the Internet for this, yet I think some admins would appreciate a relatively simple test to know is this a web site which requires a client certificate to work? The errors generated in a browser may be very generic in these situations. I see many ways to offer help, from a recipe to a tool to some pointers. I’m not yet sure how I want to proceed!
why would a site require a client CERT? Most likely as a form of client authentication.
Pointers for the DIY crowd Badssl.com plus access to a linux command line – such as using a Raspberry Pi I so often write about – will do it for you guys.
The Client Certificate section of badssl.com has most of what you need. The page is getting big, look for this:
So as a big timesaver badssl.com has created a client certificate for you which you can use to test with. Download it as follows.
Go to your linux prompt and do something like this:
$ wget https://badssl.com/certs/badssl.com‐client.pem
badssl.com has a web page you can test with which only shows success if you access it using a client certificate, https://client.badssl.com/
to see how this works, try to access it the usual way, without supplying a client CERT:
$ curl ‐i ‐k https://client.badssl.com/
HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
Server: nginx/1.10.3 (Ubuntu)
Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 17:53:38 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 262
Connection: close
<html>
<head><title>400 No required SSL certificate was sent</title></head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<center><h1>400 Bad Request</h1></center>
<center>No required SSL certificate was sent</center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.10.3 (Ubuntu)</center>
</body>
</html>
HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
Server: nginx/1.10.3 (Ubuntu)
Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 17:53:38 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 262
Connection: close
<html>
<head><title>400 No required SSL certificate was sent</title></head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<center><h1>400 Bad Request</h1></center>
<center>No required SSL certificate was sent</center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.10.3 (Ubuntu)</center>
</body>
</html>
Now try the same thing, this time using the client CERT you just downloaded:
* About to connect() to client.badssl.com port 443 (#0)
* Trying 104.154.89.105... connected
* Connected to client.badssl.com (104.154.89.105) port 443 (#0)
* Initializing NSS with certpath: sql:/etc/pki/nssdb
* warning: ignoring value of ssl.verifyhost
* skipping SSL peer certificate verification
* NSS: client certificate from file
* subject: CN=BadSSL Client Certificate,O=BadSSL,L=San Francisco,ST=California,C=US
* start date: Nov 16 05:36:33 2017 GMT
* expire date: Nov 16 05:36:33 2019 GMT
* common name: BadSSL Client Certificate
* issuer: CN=BadSSL Client Root Certificate Authority,O=BadSSL,L=San Francisco,ST=California,C=US
* SSL connection using TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
* Server certificate:
* subject: CN=*.badssl.com,O=Lucas Garron,L=Walnut Creek,ST=California,C=US
* start date: Mar 18 00:00:00 2017 GMT
* expire date: Mar 25 12:00:00 2020 GMT
* common name: *.badssl.com
* issuer: CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA,O=DigiCert Inc,C=US
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> User-Agent: curl/7.19.7 (x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.19.7 NSS/3.27.1 zlib/1.2.3 libidn/1.18 libssh2/1.4.2
> Host: client.badssl.com
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Server: nginx/1.10.3 (Ubuntu)
Server: nginx/1.10.3 (Ubuntu)
< Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 17:59:08 GMT
Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 17:59:08 GMT
< Content-Type: text/html
Content-Type: text/html
< Content-Length: 662
Content-Length: 662
< Last-Modified: Wed, 12 Jun 2019 15:43:39 GMT
Last-Modified: Wed, 12 Jun 2019 15:43:39 GMT
< Connection: keep-alive
Connection: keep-alive
< ETag: "5d011dab-296"
ETag: "5d011dab-296"
< Cache-Control: no-store
Cache-Control: no-store
< Accept-Ranges: bytes
Accept-Ranges: bytes
<
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/icons/favicon-green.ico"/>
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/icons/icon-green.png"/>
<title>client.badssl.com</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css">
<style>body { background: green; }</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="content">
<h1 style="font-size: 12vw;">
client.<br>badssl.com
</h1>
</div>
<div id="footer">
This site requires a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security#Client-authenticated_TLS_handshake">client-authenticated</a> TLS handshake.
</div>
</body>
</html>
* Connection #0 to host client.badssl.com left intact
* Closing connection #0
* About to connect() to client.badssl.com port 443 (#0)
* Trying 104.154.89.105... connected
* Connected to client.badssl.com (104.154.89.105) port 443 (#0)
* Initializing NSS with certpath: sql:/etc/pki/nssdb
* warning: ignoring value of ssl.verifyhost
* skipping SSL peer certificate verification
* NSS: client certificate from file
* subject: CN=BadSSL Client Certificate,O=BadSSL,L=San Francisco,ST=California,C=US
* start date: Nov 16 05:36:33 2017 GMT
* expire date: Nov 16 05:36:33 2019 GMT
* common name: BadSSL Client Certificate
* issuer: CN=BadSSL Client Root Certificate Authority,O=BadSSL,L=San Francisco,ST=California,C=US
* SSL connection using TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
* Server certificate:
* subject: CN=*.badssl.com,O=Lucas Garron,L=Walnut Creek,ST=California,C=US
* start date: Mar 18 00:00:00 2017 GMT
* expire date: Mar 25 12:00:00 2020 GMT
* common name: *.badssl.com
* issuer: CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA,O=DigiCert Inc,C=US
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> User-Agent: curl/7.19.7 (x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.19.7 NSS/3.27.1 zlib/1.2.3 libidn/1.18 libssh2/1.4.2
> Host: client.badssl.com
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Server: nginx/1.10.3 (Ubuntu)
Server: nginx/1.10.3 (Ubuntu)
< Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 17:59:08 GMT
Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 17:59:08 GMT
< Content-Type: text/html
Content-Type: text/html
< Content-Length: 662
Content-Length: 662
< Last-Modified: Wed, 12 Jun 2019 15:43:39 GMT
Last-Modified: Wed, 12 Jun 2019 15:43:39 GMT
< Connection: keep-alive
Connection: keep-alive
< ETag: "5d011dab-296"
ETag: "5d011dab-296"
< Cache-Control: no-store
Cache-Control: no-store
< Accept-Ranges: bytes
Accept-Ranges: bytes
<
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/icons/favicon-green.ico"/>
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/icons/icon-green.png"/>
<title>client.badssl.com</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css">
<style>body { background: green; }</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="content">
<h1 style="font-size: 12vw;">
client.<br>badssl.com
</h1>
</div>
<div id="footer">
This site requires a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security#Client-authenticated_TLS_handshake">client-authenticated</a> TLS handshake.
</div>
</body>
</html>
* Connection #0 to host client.badssl.com left intact
* Closing connection #0
No more 400 error status – that looks like success to me. Note that we had to provide the password for our client CERT, which they kindly provided as badssl.com
Here’s an example of a real site which requires client CERTs:
* About to connect() to jp.nissan.biz port 443 (#0)
* Trying 150.63.252.1... connected
* Connected to jp.nissan.biz (150.63.252.1) port 443 (#0)
* Initializing NSS with certpath: sql:/etc/pki/nssdb
* warning: ignoring value of ssl.verifyhost
* skipping SSL peer certificate verification
* NSS: client certificate from file
* subject: CN=BadSSL Client Certificate,O=BadSSL,L=San Francisco,ST=California,C=US
* start date: Nov 16 05:36:33 2017 GMT
* expire date: Nov 16 05:36:33 2019 GMT
* common name: BadSSL Client Certificate
* issuer: CN=BadSSL Client Root Certificate Authority,O=BadSSL,L=San Francisco,ST=California,C=US
* NSS error -12227
* Closing connection #0
* SSL connect error
curl: (35) SSL connect error
* About to connect() to jp.nissan.biz port 443 (#0)
* Trying 150.63.252.1... connected
* Connected to jp.nissan.biz (150.63.252.1) port 443 (#0)
* Initializing NSS with certpath: sql:/etc/pki/nssdb
* warning: ignoring value of ssl.verifyhost
* skipping SSL peer certificate verification
* NSS: client certificate from file
* subject: CN=BadSSL Client Certificate,O=BadSSL,L=San Francisco,ST=California,C=US
* start date: Nov 16 05:36:33 2017 GMT
* expire date: Nov 16 05:36:33 2019 GMT
* common name: BadSSL Client Certificate
* issuer: CN=BadSSL Client Root Certificate Authority,O=BadSSL,L=San Francisco,ST=California,C=US
* NSS error -12227
* Closing connection #0
* SSL connect error
curl: (35) SSL connect error
OK, so you get an error, but that’s to be expected because our certificate is not one it will accept.
The point is that if you don’t send it a certificate at all, you get a different error:
$ curl ‐v ‐i ‐k https://jp.nissan.biz/
* About to connect() to jp.nissan.biz port 443 (#0)
* Trying 150.63.252.1... connected
* Connected to jp.nissan.biz (150.63.252.1) port 443 (#0)
* Initializing NSS with certpath: sql:/etc/pki/nssdb
* warning: ignoring value of ssl.verifyhost
* skipping SSL peer certificate verification
* NSS: client certificate not found (nickname not specified)
* NSS error -12227
* Closing connection #0
curl: (35) NSS: client certificate not found (nickname not specified)
* About to connect() to jp.nissan.biz port 443 (#0)
* Trying 150.63.252.1... connected
* Connected to jp.nissan.biz (150.63.252.1) port 443 (#0)
* Initializing NSS with certpath: sql:/etc/pki/nssdb
* warning: ignoring value of ssl.verifyhost
* skipping SSL peer certificate verification
* NSS: client certificate not found (nickname not specified)
* NSS error -12227
* Closing connection #0
curl: (35) NSS: client certificate not found (nickname not specified)
See that client certificate not found? That is the error we eliminated by supplying a client certificate, albeit one which it will not accept.
what if we have a client certificate but we use the wrong password? Here’s an example of that:
* About to connect() to client.badssl.com port 443 (#0)
* Trying 104.154.89.105... connected
* Connected to client.badssl.com (104.154.89.105) port 443 (#0)
* Initializing NSS with certpath: sql:/etc/pki/nssdb
* warning: ignoring value of ssl.verifyhost
* Unable to load client key -8025.
* NSS error -8025
* Closing connection #0
curl: (58) Unable to load client key -8025.
* About to connect() to client.badssl.com port 443 (#0)
* Trying 104.154.89.105... connected
* Connected to client.badssl.com (104.154.89.105) port 443 (#0)
* Initializing NSS with certpath: sql:/etc/pki/nssdb
* warning: ignoring value of ssl.verifyhost
* Unable to load client key -8025.
* NSS error -8025
* Closing connection #0
curl: (58) Unable to load client key -8025.
Chrome gives a fairly intelligible error
Possibly to be continued…
Conclusion
We have given a recipe for testing form a linux command line if a web site requires a client certificate or not. thus it could be turned into a program
Intro
I’ve been looking at this off and on for awhile now. I finally made a breakthrough this week and started to generate some decent live streams on my Youtube channel, after a lot of misfires.
Note this is applicable for Raspbian Stretch Lite on a Raspberry Pi 3. However, I firmly believe it will work just the same for regular Raspbian Stretch.
There’s a lot of wrong, misleading or outdated information out there on the Internet. Hopefully this will help others to avoid wasting as much time as I had to do.
This project was prompted by my desire to make a more generalized fishcam! Described in this post, my original fishcam implementation – and I realized this form the get-go – has very limited applicability because very few people are in a position to have their own AWS server. And if you don’t know what you’re doing, please don’t run your own server – the security exposure is too great.
So I eventually realized that maybe I could generalize what I had done – essentially remove the dependency on the AWS server – by utilizing Youtube Live Streaming. And, I believe I was right. It’s still a work in progress however.
The command – ffmpeg
I was playing with ffmpeg. The version I am playing with now comes with Raspbian – no need to compile like in the bad old days. ffmpeg -version shows the version to be 3.2.12. I get the impression that its capabilities are version-dependent, so that’s why this information is particularly relevant in this case.
The details
In some of my early attempts I was getting a lot of this (looking at YouTube Live Dashboard) Dashboard When stream is not quite right
Another attempt
Video works, audio like driving in a car with the windows down. For the record, the command was this:
Audio good, video not working video terrible, but audio good!
It is not so pretty to use that hardware address for the Logitech webcam device. Where do you see that hardware address? Either a lsusb or a ls /dev/snd/by-id shows addresses of sound devices. I found a simpler substitute:
ffmpeg \
-f alsa -i plughw:1,0 \
-f v4l2 -i /dev/video0 \
-c:v libx264 -pix_fmt yuv420p -preset ultrafast -g 10 -b:v 1200k \
-bufsize 512k \
-acodec libmp3lame -ar 44100 \
-threads 2 -qscale 3 \
-b:a 128k \
-r 5 \
-s 640x480 \
-f flv rtmp://a.rtmp.youtube.com/live2/
<pre>
With this audio's, not too bad, video's a bit choppy. Google reports the stream quality as OK, check resolution.
So I fix the bandwidth (which was a typo in the above, but one with an interesting result). I set video bandwidth to -b:v 1200k. Now the video is OK once again, but the audio is choppy again! Weird. bandwidth is about 1100 kbps.
This version had OK video and OK audio
<pre lang="text'>
ffmpeg \
-f alsa -i plughw:CARD=U0x46d0x825,DEV=0 \
-f v4l2 -i /dev/video0 \
-c:v libx264 -pix_fmt yuv420p -preset ultrafast -g 10 -b:v 1600k \
-bufsize 512k \
-acodec libmp3lame -ar 44100 \
-threads 2 -qscale 3 \
-b:a 128k \
-r 5 \
-s 640x480 \
-f flv rtmp://a.rtmp.youtube.com/live2/KEY
ffmpeg \
-f alsa -i plughw:1,0 \
-f v4l2 -i /dev/video0 \
-c:v libx264 -pix_fmt yuv420p -preset ultrafast -g 10 -b:v 1200k \
-bufsize 512k \
-acodec libmp3lame -ar 44100 \
-threads 2 -qscale 3 \
-b:a 128k \
-r 5 \
-s 640x480 \
-f flv rtmp://a.rtmp.youtube.com/live2/
<pre>
With this audio's, not too bad, video's a bit choppy. Google reports the stream quality as OK, check resolution.
So I fix the bandwidth (which was a typo in the above, but one with an interesting result). I set video bandwidth to -b:v 1200k. Now the video is OK once again, but the audio is choppy again! Weird. bandwidth is about 1100 kbps.
This version had OK video and OK audio
<pre lang="text'>
ffmpeg \
-f alsa -i plughw:CARD=U0x46d0x825,DEV=0 \
-f v4l2 -i /dev/video0 \
-c:v libx264 -pix_fmt yuv420p -preset ultrafast -g 10 -b:v 1600k \
-bufsize 512k \
-acodec libmp3lame -ar 44100 \
-threads 2 -qscale 3 \
-b:a 128k \
-r 5 \
-s 640x480 \
-f flv rtmp://a.rtmp.youtube.com/live2/KEY
But I keep getting inconsistent results! Sometimes a setting will work, and then I come back to it and it doesn’t. Weird.
Part of the problem is that I have no idea what I’m doing and I didn’t know when i was watching a livestream vs a recorded (on-demand0 one! I have since learned to look for the little red Live button. A picture is worth 10^3 words in this case.
Observed used bandwidth is about 1450 kbits/sec. But still lots of dropped packets. Here is what ffmpeg reports. I’m not sure yet what most of it means:
That is working great – showing the video as before but now with a silent audio track.
Increase Video Quality
Here I’ve increased video quality a tad by requesting more fps (10) and making qscale 0 (which means highest quality). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Aall8w4Y3E
What is observed to happen is that ffmpeg actually chooses 15 fps rather than 30. I’ve read it decides what it is able to do, so maybe that’s the highest fps it can deliver. Video is pretty smooth (See my Livestream link in references if I happen to have it running. Otherwise I will create a video link.) No drops are recorded, but the sound, though not terrible, has some pops. Bandwidth used is about 1900 kbps. So this is definitely my best effort yet. YouTube complains about the unsupported video size of 640×480, but it permits it and I don’t think it’s a real problem.
Reducing bandwidth
This one is pretty good overall. I have no idea why lowering the audio bandwidth might help. It’s counter intuitive. But video motion is not bad – just a tad blurred. I guess q=23. Audio has good patches and not-as good patches. Not as good spots are staticky, not washboard bad. Total bandwidth used is about 611 kbps. So a great compromise. Why does raising the video bandwidth lower the audio quality? I have no idea… The settings below worked for maybe 20 minutes, then YouTube said this Video is unavailable. I at least found out something about that. That shows a problem with the player, not (for once) your stream. so since I’m only concentrating on the stream, that’s good news. So actually it delivered good sound for three hours straight with a few staticky spots.
The audio is creepily sensitive, easily picking up conversations in adjacent rooms.
But then I monkeyed around with the settings, got the washboard sound, came back to this one – a known good – and got washboard audio! What the heck? Why isn’t it consistent?? No idea… Maybe it’s the player that gets messed up?? Now I’m running it again and it’s OK.
Bandwidth talk
It’s important to talk about bandwidth if you haven’t given this any real thought. You have to have a halfway decent broadband connection for this to work, you see? If you have a mid-speed cable modem or DSL, you have much lower upload than download speeds, and you may not be able to pull off a reliable 1.5 mbps upload. For those lucky enough to have Verizon FIOS this is a non-issue. But for instance in the high school where I volunteer they have throttled the guest WiFi network to such an extent that achieving this modest 1.5 mbps is going to present a real challenge. If you rely on a phone’s hotspot you will also probably be unable to get such a speed. So I may look at more ways to reduce the bandwidth required in the future.
And between YouTube and your ISP, it just seems the whole thing about live video broadcasting seems, well, delicate. Stream Health varies between oK, to Excellent to not receiving – all during the same streaming session! It often takes five minutes or so for the stream to appear to be working.
Comparing two webcams
Someone picked up a really cheap DI Chatcam at Microcenter in Paterson. I think that’s Digital Innovations Chatcam. It’s cute. It has a big clip on the end and shines white LEDs when it’s on. I think it was about $12. With the exact same ffmpeg settings (with audio suppressed), the quality was not nearly as good as with the Logitech webcam. Here’s a link to the YouTube video made with the chatcam: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OI2IRV1i__k. Note that it has a ministereo plug for audio. I didn;’t even plug it in now that I know how to suppress audio!
I need to re-run this test now that I know how to increase the video quality.
A breakthrough: publishing an audio-only stream to YouTube
Besides covering your lens with tape, what’s a software way to blacken the video and concentrate on producing the best audio I wondered?
The above gives me good audio, and a sold gray background. I love it – for recording band practice or whatever. The breakthrough is that we can avoid wasting cpu cycles on processing input video but just use a color. Thanks Stackoverflow for the tip. Used bandwidth is about 150 kbs – basically nothing! YouTube Dsahboard complains:
OK Video output low
The stream's current bitrate (138.00 Kbps) is lower than the recommended bitrate.
We recommend that you use a stream bitrate of 2500 Kbps.
OK Video output low
The stream's current bitrate (138.00 Kbps) is lower than the recommended bitrate.
We recommend that you use a stream bitrate of 2500 Kbps.
But of course that is bogus because that assumes we are trying to put out a rich 1280×720 video, which we are not.
Then eventually YouTube has this complaint:
Bad Bad video settings
Please use a keyframe frequency of four seconds or less. Currently, keyframes are not being sent often enough, which will cause buffering.
The current keyframe frequency is 8.5 seconds. Note that ingestion errors can cause incorrect GOP (group of pictures) sizes.
Bad Bad video settings
Please use a keyframe frequency of four seconds or less. Currently, keyframes are not being sent often enough, which will cause buffering.
The current keyframe frequency is 8.5 seconds. Note that ingestion errors can cause incorrect GOP (group of pictures) sizes.
Yet the stream does not seem to suffer in any noticeable way from this problem.
For good measure, we add a few extra arguments allow us to remove the keyframes warning. We need to use the -g parameter (group of pictures) at about twice our frame rate, plus, maybe, a no-scenecut argument. Here’s that version.
Actual fps is 25, quality is 26 and bitrate is 145 kbps. But audio quality is good. I hear white noise in the background, but hey, this isn’t exactly professional equipment we’re working with. But this is a great solution for an audio-only recording that goes straight out to YouTube. stability is also good.
The load average is high – 3.6 (use top to watch it), almost all of it taken by ffmpeg. So it appears ffmpeg is really working it to produce this audio stream. That makes me suspect it just gets overwhelmed when it’s an audio + video stream? Because I never did find setting swhich produced good quality for both…
Switch to Wifi and Yet another problem surfaces
It seems that with this livestreaming project everything that should just work doesn’t! I had been doing all my testing used wired Ethernet connection and WiFi disabled. anticipating a portable solution, I tried it using WiFi and no Ethernet cable. And washboard audio reappeared. quite often ffmpeg hangs as well. I tried a zillion experiments and now my revelation is that essentially, though we tried to minimize and trivialize video, we were probably still overwhelming the CPU. So I reasoned that these actions will make the load easier on the CPU, without compromising the audio quality:
– reduce frame per second dramatically
– reduce key frames
– reduce video size
And…yes, these things in combination really did help and permit me to run over WiFi now. This version, put inside a script I call ffmpegwireless6.sh, looks like this:
It doesn’t start consistently, however, but if you run it enough times it’ll go. So, to provide reliability I also scripted around these deficiencies: I decided to just keep trying to start up ffmpegwireless.sh until I jhave evidence it’s working. I call that script masterwireless.sh:
#!/bin/sh
# DrJ 5/2019
LOG="ff.log"`date +%m-%d-%y:%H:%M`
while /bin/true; do
nohup ./ffmpegwireless6.sh</dev/null>$LOG 2>&1 &
sleep 7
# want s.th like
#Frame= 84 fps= 11 q=16.0 size= 43kB time=00:00:07.50 bitrate= 47.1kbits/s dup=0 drop=431 speed=0.991x
#Frame= 84 fps= 11 q=16.0 size= 43kB time=00:00:07.50 bitrate= 47.1kbits/s dup=0 drop=431 speed= 1x
FFOUT=`tail -1 $LOG`
echo "last line is $FFOUT"
KB=`echo $FFOUT|awk '{print $(NF-4)}'`
echo "orig KB: $KB"
KB=`echo $FFOUT|awk '{print $(NF-5)" "$(NF-4)}'|sed 's/kbits.*//'|awk '{print $NF}'`
date
echo "KB is: $KB"
if [ $KB -gt 129 2>/dev/null ]; then
# let our master process exit - we've got a good audio stream
echo "Exiting at *** "`date`
exit
else
# didn't work out: restart and try again
echo "*** Restarting ffmpeg at *** "`date`
pkill -9 -f 'ffmpeg '
fi
done
#!/bin/sh
# DrJ 5/2019
LOG="ff.log"`date +%m-%d-%y:%H:%M`
while /bin/true; do
nohup ./ffmpegwireless6.sh</dev/null>$LOG 2>&1 &
sleep 7
# want s.th like
#Frame= 84 fps= 11 q=16.0 size= 43kB time=00:00:07.50 bitrate= 47.1kbits/s dup=0 drop=431 speed=0.991x
#Frame= 84 fps= 11 q=16.0 size= 43kB time=00:00:07.50 bitrate= 47.1kbits/s dup=0 drop=431 speed= 1x
FFOUT=`tail -1 $LOG`
echo "last line is $FFOUT"
KB=`echo $FFOUT|awk '{print $(NF-4)}'`
echo "orig KB: $KB"
KB=`echo $FFOUT|awk '{print $(NF-5)" "$(NF-4)}'|sed 's/kbits.*//'|awk '{print $NF}'`
date
echo "KB is: $KB"
if [ $KB -gt 129 2>/dev/null ]; then
# let our master process exit - we've got a good audio stream
echo "Exiting at *** "`date`
exit
else
# didn't work out: restart and try again
echo "*** Restarting ffmpeg at *** "`date`
pkill -9 -f 'ffmpeg '
fi
done
And…it works great! Very briefly what it does is t that it calls ffmpegwireless6.sh and backgrounds it, then tests its output. It gives it a few seconds to get going, then kills it unless observed streaming bandwidth is a healthy 135 kbps or so (essentially the video takes almost no bandwidth in ffmpegwireless6.sh.)
Putting it all together – livestreaming audio stream to YouTube automatically upon boot up
So I want to drag this thing to a performance and have a confederate with minimal technical know-how start it up. So basically I want it to start livestreaming when the RasPi is powered up. To do that I made this crontab entry (using crontab -e):
It takes a few minutes to get going, but it’s been extremely reliable. It’s started a stream successfully more than 10 times out of 10, at least when I was using my home WiFi connection. When I switched to my phone’s Hotspot, I had one error out of five attempts. The one bad stream just would not start according to Youtube, although per the stats from the log files showed the stream reached the usual good bandwidth. So I don’t know…
And once the stream starts, it is running uninterrupted for hours, anywhere from three to six hours.
Eventually I want to write an API program to automatically check the stream. But before then I may just introduce a refined script which checks the output and restarts ffmpeg when it has ended.
For the record, a typical ff.log file looks like this:
frame= 43 fps= 43 q=0.0 size= 0kB time=00:00:00.00 bitrate=N/A dup=0 drop=164 speed= 0x ed= 0x
orig KB: dup=0
Tue 7 May 12:32:08 BST 2019
KB is: dup=0
*** Restarting ffmpeg at *** Tue 7 May 12:32:08 BST 2019
frame= 213 fps= 35 q=8.0 size= 47kB time=00:01:40.91 bitrate= 3.8kbits/s dup=0 drop=847 speed=16.7x
orig KB: 3.8kbits/s
Tue 7 May 12:38:53 BST 2019
KB is: 3
*** Restarting ffmpeg at *** Tue 7 May 12:38:53 BST 2019
illed= 86 fps= 14 q=8.0 size= 104kB time=00:00:06.21 bitrate= 136.7kbits/s dup=0 drop=336 speed=1.03x
orig KB: 136.7kbits/s
Tue 7 May 12:39:00 BST 2019
KB is: 136
Exiting at *** Tue 7 May 12:39:00 BST 2019
frame= 43 fps= 43 q=0.0 size= 0kB time=00:00:00.00 bitrate=N/A dup=0 drop=164 speed= 0x ed= 0x
orig KB: dup=0
Tue 7 May 12:32:08 BST 2019
KB is: dup=0
*** Restarting ffmpeg at *** Tue 7 May 12:32:08 BST 2019
frame= 213 fps= 35 q=8.0 size= 47kB time=00:01:40.91 bitrate= 3.8kbits/s dup=0 drop=847 speed=16.7x
orig KB: 3.8kbits/s
Tue 7 May 12:38:53 BST 2019
KB is: 3
*** Restarting ffmpeg at *** Tue 7 May 12:38:53 BST 2019
illed= 86 fps= 14 q=8.0 size= 104kB time=00:00:06.21 bitrate= 136.7kbits/s dup=0 drop=336 speed=1.03x
orig KB: 136.7kbits/s
Tue 7 May 12:39:00 BST 2019
KB is: 136
Exiting at *** Tue 7 May 12:39:00 BST 2019
The other file, which has a name like ff.log05-07-19:12:32, looks more like this:
CPU load average is around 1 or so – much less than before. So I think my ideas are on the right track. Why send 30 frames or whatever each and every second to Youtube just to display a gray screen? The CPU has to work to do that. As long as ffmpeg + Youtube has the intelligence to paste together audio snippets 1/5th second in length five times each second the audio should be taken care of, we’re not playing with the sampling rate or anything – is how I reasoned. Key frames are some sort of overhead as well since they’re extra things ffmpeg has to periodically do. Youtube wants one at least every four seconds. We get really close to that limit by multiplying fps * 3.6 s = 5 * 3.6 = 18 for our group-of-pictures (g) parameter. Previously we were sending a key frame more frequently – every two seconds.
Unreliability
Running this command is still hit-or-miss. As often as not it hangs, and then, if it does not hang, as often as not it often outputs washboard audio. You just <Ctrl-C> to get out of it if hangs, or type “q” if it is producing washboard audio.
Note carefully the bandwidth being used, which ffmpeg reports every second. If it is < 128 kbps, you’re hosed and have washboard audio. If it’s about 135 kbps or higher, you’re good. You don’t even need to waste time fiddling with Youtube’s live_dashboard to listen to it. You get this feedback immediately from ffmpeg. And I intend to use these same observed behaviors to script around ffmpeg’s flakiness and keep restarting it automatically until it is producing a good quality audio stream!
Improved startup
This script, which I call continuousaudio.sh, has some debugging at the beginning, then loops to ensure there is always an audio stream being live-streamed as long as the Pi has power. It has been extremely reliable. I settled on this one for my own purposes.
#!/bin/sh
# drJ 5/2019
sleep 20
LOG="ff.log"`date +%m-%d-%y:%H:%M`
# some info for debugging problems
echo "***********"
date; ip add; ping -c2 8.8.8.8; lsusb
nohup ./ffmpegwireless6.sh</dev/null>$LOG 2>&1 &
while /bin/true; do
sleep 7
# want s.th like
#Frame= 84 fps= 11 q=16.0 size= 43kB time=00:00:07.50 bitrate= 47.1kbits/s dup=0 drop=431 speed=0.991x
#Frame= 84 fps= 11 q=16.0 size= 43kB time=00:00:07.50 bitrate= 47.1kbits/s dup=0 drop=431 speed= 1x
FFOUT=`tail -1 $LOG`
echo "last line is $FFOUT"
KB=`echo $FFOUT|awk '{print $(NF-5)" "$(NF-4)}'|sed 's/kbits.*//'|awk '{print $NF}'`
echo "orig KB: $KB"
KB=$(echo $KB|sed s/\\..*//)
date
echo "KB is: $KB"
if [ $KB -gt 129 2>/dev/null ]; then
# stream looks good - do nothing
echo -n ""
else
# didn't work out: restart and try again
echo "*** Restarting ffmpeg at *** "`date`
pkill -9 -f 'ffmpeg '
nohup ./ffmpegwireless6.sh</dev/null>$LOG 2>&1 &
fi
done
#!/bin/sh
# drJ 5/2019
sleep 20
LOG="ff.log"`date +%m-%d-%y:%H:%M`
# some info for debugging problems
echo "***********"
date; ip add; ping -c2 8.8.8.8; lsusb
nohup ./ffmpegwireless6.sh</dev/null>$LOG 2>&1 &
while /bin/true; do
sleep 7
# want s.th like
#Frame= 84 fps= 11 q=16.0 size= 43kB time=00:00:07.50 bitrate= 47.1kbits/s dup=0 drop=431 speed=0.991x
#Frame= 84 fps= 11 q=16.0 size= 43kB time=00:00:07.50 bitrate= 47.1kbits/s dup=0 drop=431 speed= 1x
FFOUT=`tail -1 $LOG`
echo "last line is $FFOUT"
KB=`echo $FFOUT|awk '{print $(NF-5)" "$(NF-4)}'|sed 's/kbits.*//'|awk '{print $NF}'`
echo "orig KB: $KB"
KB=$(echo $KB|sed s/\\..*//)
date
echo "KB is: $KB"
if [ $KB -gt 129 2>/dev/null ]; then
# stream looks good - do nothing
echo -n ""
else
# didn't work out: restart and try again
echo "*** Restarting ffmpeg at *** "`date`
pkill -9 -f 'ffmpeg '
nohup ./ffmpegwireless6.sh</dev/null>$LOG 2>&1 &
fi
done
Note it still calls ffmpegwireless6.sh, which I believe I have provided above.
ff.log now looks like this:
**********
Fri 31 May 01:10:59 BST 2019
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state DOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether b8:27:eb:11:fc:06 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: wlan0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether b8:27:eb:44:a9:53 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.1.170/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global wlan0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::1119:b46a:cb69:63c9/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
PING 8.8.8.8 (8.8.8.8) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=1 ttl=56 time=14.6 ms
64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=2 ttl=56 time=17.4 ms
--- 8.8.8.8 ping statistics ---
2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1001ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 14.671/16.065/17.460/1.400 ms
Bus 001 Device 004: ID 046d:0825 Logitech, Inc. Webcam C270
Bus 001 Device 005: ID 0424:7800 Standard Microsystems Corp.
Bus 001 Device 003: ID 0424:2514 Standard Microsystems Corp. USB 2.0 Hub
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 0424:2514 Standard Microsystems Corp. USB 2.0 Hub
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
last line is frame= 19 fps=0.0 q=0.0 size= 0kB time=00:00:00.00 bitrate=N/A dup=0 drop=69 speed= 0x ^Mframe= 39 fps= 39 q=0.0 size= 0kB time=00:00:00.00 bitrate=N/A dup=0 drop=150 speed= 0x ^M
orig KB: dup=0
Fri 31 May 01:11:07 BST 2019
KB is: dup=0
*** Restarting ffmpeg at *** Fri 31 May 01:11:07 BST 2019
last line is frame= 193 fps= 35 q=8.0 size= 100kB time=00:00:27.60 bitrate= 29.6kbits/s dup=0 drop=764 speed=4.99x ^Mframe= 195 fps= 32 q=8.0 size= 108kB time=00:00:28.03 bitrate= 31.4kbits/s dup=0 drop=775 speed=4.65x ^M
orig KB: 31.4
Fri 31 May 01:11:36 BST 2019
KB is: 31
*** Restarting ffmpeg at *** Fri 31 May 01:11:36 BST 2019
...
**********
Fri 31 May 01:10:59 BST 2019
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state DOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether b8:27:eb:11:fc:06 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: wlan0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether b8:27:eb:44:a9:53 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.1.170/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global wlan0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::1119:b46a:cb69:63c9/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
PING 8.8.8.8 (8.8.8.8) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=1 ttl=56 time=14.6 ms
64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=2 ttl=56 time=17.4 ms
--- 8.8.8.8 ping statistics ---
2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1001ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 14.671/16.065/17.460/1.400 ms
Bus 001 Device 004: ID 046d:0825 Logitech, Inc. Webcam C270
Bus 001 Device 005: ID 0424:7800 Standard Microsystems Corp.
Bus 001 Device 003: ID 0424:2514 Standard Microsystems Corp. USB 2.0 Hub
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 0424:2514 Standard Microsystems Corp. USB 2.0 Hub
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
last line is frame= 19 fps=0.0 q=0.0 size= 0kB time=00:00:00.00 bitrate=N/A dup=0 drop=69 speed= 0x ^Mframe= 39 fps= 39 q=0.0 size= 0kB time=00:00:00.00 bitrate=N/A dup=0 drop=150 speed= 0x ^M
orig KB: dup=0
Fri 31 May 01:11:07 BST 2019
KB is: dup=0
*** Restarting ffmpeg at *** Fri 31 May 01:11:07 BST 2019
last line is frame= 193 fps= 35 q=8.0 size= 100kB time=00:00:27.60 bitrate= 29.6kbits/s dup=0 drop=764 speed=4.99x ^Mframe= 195 fps= 32 q=8.0 size= 108kB time=00:00:28.03 bitrate= 31.4kbits/s dup=0 drop=775 speed=4.65x ^M
orig KB: 31.4
Fri 31 May 01:11:36 BST 2019
KB is: 31
*** Restarting ffmpeg at *** Fri 31 May 01:11:36 BST 2019
...
My crontab now looks like this:
@reboot /home/pi/continuousaudio.sh > ff.log 2>&1
@reboot /home/pi/continuousaudio.sh > ff.log 2>&1
Portability
I wanted to record a practice session in my house where no Ethernet port is available (hence I had to get WiFi working, which I believe I have). And I wanted convenience – to not worry about being tethered to the wall by an adapter. So I decided to look for an economical power solution for Raspberry Pi. And I found the ones purpose-built are just too expensive to justify. Pijuice, I’m talking about you. So, really, I realized any old portable USB power stick would work. But I wanted something which could last hours. This Omars 10000 mAh portable USB charger seemed like it would do the trick. $16. And it did. It works great! Two hours later, the LEDs show three bars instead of four, so I think this will supply power for about 8 – 9 hours if I pushed it. And it has the form factor of a smartphone. Ideally I’d want a little on/off switch to avoid plugging/unplugging the power cable, but I didn’t find that as of yet. Maybe there’s a cheap USB cable with that…?
So now I’m not tethered by Ethernet cables nor by a power plug. See where this is progressing? If I use my smartphone’s hotspot I should be able to livestream anywhere I can get a signal, so, for instance, at band performances. I haven’t tried that yet, but I’m hopeful…
YouTube quirks
As previously mentioned (I think)( you need to be enabled for livestreaming. It takes about 24 hours for the approval. I suppose they check to make sure you aren’t a perceived threat.
Recording NPR will give you a copyright violation flag! This has happened to me more than once. I think because they play snippets of new music which are flagged.
Lag. I’ve seen lag time as short as four seconds and maybe as long as 20 seconds or so. It is never instantaneous.
My longest video was 20 hours but the processing took days. In fact I’m not sure it ever completed. So I guess the service falls apart after video lengths of I don’t know, maybe 12 hours or so. So if the desire is to have a continuous security webcam I guess you’ll have to break it into chunks. That’s what I’m thinking about next.
A livestream gets converted to a video by YouTube. That takes awhile – maybe as long as the video length itself is? It slaps a date and time onto the video which you see in your video manager. Unfortunately, using this ffmpeg streaming method it chooses the Pacific standard time timezone. I actually don’t see a simple way to change that either. It may require use of the API, which is beyond what I’m willing to tackle right now. So for me, being in the Eastern time zone all the timestamps are off by three hours, which is kind of annoying.
I wondered, does my livestream ID remain constant, or will it change from broadcast to broadcast? This is important for future use of the API. Well, it changes each time I start a new livestream, even though I use a single (my own) account. Each livestream gets a unique ID which then becomes the ID for the DVR of the video which you can view on-demand. And this ID is the part that changes in the URL of an “unpublished” Youtube video. Say your unpublished livestream is https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1wtZwQ-Tk8.
The part of the URL following the v=, namely, in this example, r1wtZwQ-Tk8, is the ID of that video. I would say YouTube tries to be somewhat robust and will not declare your stream has ended until maybe 30 seconds after you have stopped your program. Or maybe it’s a minute or two, I’m not really sure. But I’ve seen that if you restart the streaming quickly enough you’ll be put onto that same livestream. If on the other hand you wait long enough until you see in live_dashboard that stream ended message then It will assign yuo a new video ID if you start your stream again – and don’t forget to reload the live_dashboard page so it can pick up the new ID.
Can you pause a livestream, and later resume, keeping the same URL? In a word, No. Unfortunately. Youtube livestreaming is pretty limited in this way. And how useful would that be? I would use my smartphone to control ffmpeg on my Raspberry Pi to pause our band practice during our lengthy chat breaks, keeping the stream focussed on the music. But no… Not possible.
Logitech webcam quirks
When you pull both video and audio from your Logitech webcam the usage LED illuminates as you’d expect. However, when you’re pulling just the audio, as I show above, that LED does not illuminate, yet it is being used to record all the sounds in its vicinity. I guess I have accidentally and unintentionally stumbled upon a stealth mode, which is a little disconcerting.
Yeti USB microphone quirks
A Yeti mic is extremely sensitive and seems more suited for conversation than music recording in my opinion. Even with the gain all the way down (a must) a loud sound is often distorted. I felt the omni recording mode was the worst in this regard. Stereo recording tolerated sounds better. But, if you want to pikc up every little sound, Yeti is great. More importantly to me, it just worked with the USB settings I used for Logitech. I didn’t have to change a single thing in the way I used ffmpeg.
Testing if the livestream is still running
My idea to do this is to use the YouTube API and periodically test if the livestream is still working. I have read that it can go down for various reason, and there is no goo way from within ffmpeg itself to tell that your stream is no longer live! It will make for a good project to test the livestream using the Google Developer’s API. that will be a separate post if I ever get it working. If it’s found to be down, the Pi could restart ffmpeg, in my thinking.
To do list
I never really perfected the video. Audio I got pretty well.
I will borrow my friend’s Yeti USB mic to see how my audio stream works with a high quality microphone. DONE.
I would like to have a simple external control to turn stream off/ on, whether it is physical or virtual. DONE – see references.
Scripting to monitor stream and restart it once it fails – to have a recording 24×7 like an audio-only security camera. DONE – continuousaudio.sh as documented above.
Pause feature. PARTIALLY DONE.
Conclusion
A Raspberry Pi 3 running Raspbian Stretch Lite is used, along with a Logitech USB webcam, to livestream to YouTube. I showed how to stream video-only with a silent audio track. Then I turned it around and spent most of my time putting a virtual piece of tape over the lens and doing an audio-only livestream. This, after a crap-load of testing and tweaking, eventually began to work in a reliable fashion. Then I showed how to launch the audio-only livestream upon power-up of the Ras Pi.
Since it is a Raspberry Pi, this whole thing lends itself to portability and interesting use cases. With a $17 portable USB battery source and your own Hotspot, you can stream (audio at least) from anywhere you have 4G cell signal – good for recording a banquet, your band performance, or any other long, live event.
I spoke about some of the many quirks of YouTube which are relevant to this project.
YouTube’s links have me confused. If you’re trying to produce a Live Stream you’ll want the live dashboard page to watch it and check its quality as Youtube judges it. Here’s that link: https://www.youtube.com/live_dashboard
Intro
There are more articles about running a webcam using Raspberry Pi than Carter has pills. Why bother to create another? This one is unique insofar as I created a fishcam at a school with a restricted network. None of the reference articles I found discussed a way to get your stream onto the Internet except the simplistic approach only available to homeowners of setting up a rule on a home router. Pimylifeup’s article is typical of that genre.
Cooperating third party
To push this webcam out to the Internet when I had no way to allow inbound traffic to the Pi, I realized that I needed a cooperating third party. I looked briefly for a commercial service specializing in this. I did not find one. I suppose there is, but I don’t know. It was actually quicker to stop the search and use my own AWS server as the cooperating third party.
With a cooperating third party what you can do is set up a forwarder from the Pi to cooperating server on the Internet. So that’s what I did. More on that below.
Network restrictions
The Pi was given WiFi access to a school’s bring your own device (BYOD) WiFi. By trial and error (I did not initiate extensive port scans, etc so as to avoid acting like a hacker). I’m familiar with running a almost completely open Guest wireless. This BYOD was not that for some reason unknown to me. One of the first things I tried, to ssh to my server, was not going through. So I knew there were restrictions. Also PING 8.8.8.8 did not work. So ICMP was blocked as well. But web browsing worked, and so did DNS queries. So TCP ports 80 and 443 were allowed, as well as UDP port 53 and possibly TCP port 53. I also observed there was no proxy server involved in the communication. So I simply tested a few other ports that I know are used from time-to-time: 2443 and 8443. If you a hit a server that is not protected by a firewall and not listening on a port that you are testing you will get a Connection reset if your packets are not blocked by a local firewall. I tested with the nc utility. nc -v <my_server> <port> I found a couple open ports this way. Next question: does the network care what protocol is running on that port? They might be looking for https and I was planning to run ssh. For a simple port blocker it might not distinguish what’s going on. That was indeed the case as I was able to run ssh on this non-standard port.
The single most comlicated thing was formulating the appropriate ssh command. I created a dedicated account on my server for this purpose. I embedded the password into the startup script I created using a utility called sshpass. This is not super secure but I wanted something running quickly.
That’s a mouthful! Let’s break it down. sshpass just permits you to run the command and not get a login prompt. It needs to be installed with a sudo apt-get sshpass.
The ssh command sets up a reverse tunnel. I have discussed it in my Access your Raspberry Pi from anywhere blog post, however, some things are different and more complicated here. Here we are setting up port 8443 on my server as the tunnel port which will be accessible to the Internet. It is terminated on the Raspberry Pi’s local port 8081 (the port that the motion package uses for the webcam). We had to use ssh to connect to port 2443 on my server because the school network blocked the standard port 22. Then <PASSWORD>, <USERNAME> and <SERVER_IP> are to be replaced with values specific for my server. I don’t want to publish them.
How I got my server to run ssh on port 2443 as well as port 22
This turned out to be one of the easiest things. It’s good to run your own server… In the file /ets/ssh/sshd_config the listening port was commented out, letting the defaul 22 be in effect. So I uncommented that and added port 2443 like this:
...
# Listen on multiple ports - DrJ 2/1/19
Port 22
Port 2443
...
...
# Listen on multiple ports - DrJ 2/1/19
Port 22
Port 2443
...
Then a sudo service sshd restart and the server listens on both ports for ssh connections!
About the webcam itself
I just followed the Pimylife article as I mentioned. It talks about using the motion package which I’ve never used before. Now in my other posts you’ll see I do stuff with video on Raspberry Pi. In those we had to fight to get the lag time down and keep bandwidth low. I have to say by comparison this motion package is awful. Lag is a couple seconds. There is no sense whatsoever of true video. Just image, wait, next image, wait. No matter the fps setting. I did not have time to switch to a video package that works better. Anyway motion may provide some other advantages we could eventually use. So I just set it to 2 fps (frames per second) since it doesn’t really matter.
The fishcam is at fishcam. It’s not working right now – just showing black. I’m not sure why.
Auto starting
I’ve documented elsewhere the poor man’s way to start something upon initially booting the Pi: stuff the appropriate command into the crontab file.
So you edit your crontab file with a crontab -e. Then you enter
That just sleeps for 20 seconds as your Pi boots up, then establishes the reverse tunnel with that complicated command I explained earlier.
Equipment
Usually thes tutorials start with an equipment list. For me that is the least interesting part. I used a Raspberry Pi 3 running Raspbian. For a camera I used one of my spare USB ELP cameras from my extensive work with USB cameras. While developing the solution I needed a keyboard, mouse and HDMI monitor. Once running, the only thing connected to the Pi is the USB camera and the micro USB power supply.
To be continued…
References and related
A very good guide for your typcial webcam-using-a-Raspberry-Pi situation, i.e., not what I am addressing in my article.
For supplies we love visits to The Micro Center in Paterson, NJ. This past weekend we got Raspberry Pi 3’s for only $29. And the sales tax is only 3% and change.
Intro
There’s some good and some not-so-good about the new WPI-provided way to handle multiple video streams using a Raspebrry Pi.
ELP Cameras problems
I have bought many of these ELP cameras last year and this. I may be a slow learner, but eventually it dawned on me that the problems I noticed seem to occur because of this model of USB camera. Finally this year we got a chance to explore this further. I got my hands on a Logitech webcam, the kind you use perched on top of a display monitor. We had this set up as a second camera while an ELP camera was the first. Then we rebooted the Pi a whole bunch of times to gather some stats. About 25% of the time there were problems with the ELP over about 10 tries. There were no problems with the Logitech. Here are various problems we’e seen:
– horizontal lines superimposed over image, and image dull
– ghosting, a corner of the field of view is shown in the center of the image
– sometimes the stream never starts and we’re not yet sure if that’s a camera problem or a software problem though I begin to suspect it’s an ELP problem
– one of my pinhole ELP cameras died
So: Logitech webcam is decidedly better.
Power problem
We pay extra attention to the power draw of the Pi. With two cameras attached and a 2 amp or 1.8 amp power supply the red LED power flashes. That is not good. It’s a sign of undervoltage. The command
vcgencmd get_throttled
on your Pi will tell you if there was an undervoltage condition. I see
throttled=0x50005
when using a 2 amp power supply. Note that as far as we can see the camera display itself works just as well. We also have a 3 amp power supply. That produces a solid red led light and vcgencmd get_throttled produces a response of
throttled=0x0,
which probably indicates there were no undervoltage conditions.
The problem we need to avoid for the Pi to attempt to draw more than 2 amps from the regulator. Doing so may shut it down. So we will try to use the Pi along with a powered USB hub.
Bandwidth constraints
We want to be well below 3 mbps for two cameras. How to get there while still providing a useful service. Initially we felt we could run the cameras at 320×240 resolution, 10 fps. But after much playing we found conditions under which we exceed 3 mbps though normally we were below that. I believe that the compressibility of the image is what matters. So a “rich” visudal field with lots of contrasting objects is the least compressible. That vaguely fits our findings as well. So we felt it important to prepare for the worst case. So we actually looked at supported resolutions and settled on 176×144 pixels! It sure isn’t much, agreed, but it’s still helpful. We blow up the images during the display. We use YUYV mode. MJPEG uses considerably more bandwidth.
Refresh trick
With this WPI software, the video streams never display the first time. You have to refresh the page for some reason. We wished to have a one click operation for viewing, however, to minimize the risk of operator error. So we used some old-fashioned META HTML tags to force a page refresh.
Our initial approach was to simply have the web page refresh itself every five seconds. This worked, but caused instability in the video stream itself and given a few minutes, would always crash the video stream. So we came up with an alternative that does a single page refresh. Unfortunately we’re not that conversant in Javascript (I’m sure there’s a way to do this with Javascript) so instead we wrote two HTML pages: a source page with the refresh, and a target page that does not refresh.
Intro
As I understood it, this week’s NPR puzzle is as follows. Think of a figure from the Bible with five letters. Move each letter three back, e.g., an “e” becomes a “b.” Find the Biblical figure which becomes an ailment after doing this transformation.
Initial thoughts
I figured this would be eminently amenable to some simple linux commands like I’ve done with previous puzzles (most are not, by the way). I was having a hard time doing these transformations in my head while I was driving, and the first names I tried came up empty, such as Jesus or Moses.
So I figured I could write a program to do the character transformations on each and every word and I could probably find a downloadable text version of the Bible. I didn’t find a pure text version, but I did download an HTML version, which is close enough for our purposes.
Then I was going to just keep the five-letter words and do this transformation on all of them and match against dictionary words. Then I would have taken just those matches and scanned by hand to look for words that are ailments, hoping there wouldn’t be too many matched words to contend with.
Finally settled on a different approach
That looked like a bit of work so I thought about it and decided there had to be a resource for just the figures in the Bible, and voila, there is, in Wikipedia, see the references.
rot13
Rot13 is a famous cipher (encryption is too strong a word to describe this simple approach), where A becomes N, B becomes O, etc. I had a feeling the tr command in linux might be able to do this but didn’t know how. So I searched for linux, tr and rot13 and found an example online. It was easy to adapt.
We need what you could call a rot -3. Here is the command.
$ tr 'A‐Za‐z' 'X‐ZA‐Wx‐za‐w'
So I put the text of the Wikipedia page of Biblical figures into a text file on my linux server, into a file called list-of-biblical-figures. It looks like this:
Adam to David according to the Bible
Creation to Flood
Adam Seth Enos Kenan Mahalalel Jared Enoch Methuselah Lamech Noah Shem
Cain line
Adam Cain Enoch Irad Mehujael Methusael Lamech Tubal-cain
Patriarchs after Flood
Arpachshad Cainan Shelah Eber Peleg Reu Serug Nahor Terah Abraham Isaac Jacob
Tribe of Judah to Kingdom
Judah Perez Hezron Ram Amminadab Nahshon Salmon Boaz Obed Jesse David
...
Adam to David according to the Bible
Creation to Flood
Adam Seth Enos Kenan Mahalalel Jared Enoch Methuselah Lamech Noah Shem
Cain line
Adam Cain Enoch Irad Mehujael Methusael Lamech Tubal-cain
Patriarchs after Flood
Arpachshad Cainan Shelah Eber Peleg Reu Serug Nahor Terah Abraham Isaac Jacob
Tribe of Judah to Kingdom
Judah Perez Hezron Ram Amminadab Nahshon Salmon Boaz Obed Jesse David
...
I was going to tackle just pulling the figures with five-character names, but the whole list isn’t that long so I skipped even that step and just put the list through as is:
So it’s all gibberish as you might hope. Then towards the end you come across this one thing and it just pops out at you. As is my custom I won’t give it away before the deadline. [update] OK. Submission deadline has passed. Ebola just really popped out. Going back to the original text, you see it lines up with Herod. So there you have it.
I double-checked and confirmed this also works on a Raspberry Pi. I’ve come to realize that most people don’t have their own server, but hundreds of thousands or perhaps millions have a Raspberry Pi, which is a linux server, which makes techiques like this accessible. And fun.
Conclusion
I show a technique for using a linux server such as a Raspberry Pi to solve this week’s NPR puzzle. A very simple approach worked. In fact I was able to solve the puzzle and write this post in about an hour!
Intro
I learned about pi-hole from Bloomberg Businessweek of all places. Seems right up my alley – uses Raspberry Pi in your home to get rid of advertisements. Turns out it was too easy and I don’t have much to contribute except my own experiences with it!
The details
When I read about it I got to thinking big picture and wondered what would prevent us from running an enterprise version of this same thing? Well, large enerprises don’t normally run production critical applications like DNS servers (which this is, by the way) on Raspberry Pis, which is not the world’s most stable hardware! But first I had to try it at home just to learn more about the technology.
pi-hole admin screen
I was surprised just how optimized it was for the Raspberry Pi, to the neglect of other systems. So the idea of using an old SLES server is out the window.
But I think I got the essence of the idea. It replaces your DNS server with a custom one that resolves normal queries for web sites the usual way, but for DNS queries that would resolve to an Ad server, it clobbers the DNS and returns its own IP address. Why? So that it can send you a harmless blank image or whatever in place of an Internet ad.
You know those sites that obnoxiously throw up those auto-playing videos? That ain’t gonna happen any more when you run pi-hole.
You have to be a little adept at modifying your home router, but they even have a rough tutorial for that.
Installation
For the record on my Rspberry Pi I only did this:
$ sudo su ‐
$ curl ‐sSL https://install.pi‐hole.net | bash
It prompted me for a few configuration details, but the answers were obvious. I chose Google DNS servers because I have a long and positive history using them.
You can see that it installs a bunch of packages – surprisingly many considering how simple in theory the thing is.
Test it
On your Raspberry Pi do a few test resolutions:
$ dig google.com @localhost # should look like it normally does
$ dig pi.hole # should return the IP of your Raspberry Pi
$ dig adservices.google.com # I gotta check this one. Should return IP address of your Pi
It runs a little web server on your Pi so the Pi acts as adservices.google.com and just serves out some white space instead of the ad you would have gotten.
Linksys router
Another word about the home router DHCP settings. You have the option to enter DNS server. So I put the IP address of my raspberry pi, 192.168.1.119. What I expected is that this is the DNS server that would be directly handed out to the DHCP clients on my home network. But that is not the case. Instead it still hands out itself, 192.168.1.1 as DNS server. But in turn it uses the raspberry PI for its resolution. This through me when I did an ipconfig /all on my Windows 10 and didn’t see the DNS server I expected. But it wa all working. About 10% of my DNS queries were pi-holed (see picture of my admin screen above).
I guess pi-hole is run by fanatics, because it works surprisingly well. Those complex sites still worked, like cnn.com, cnet.com. But they probably load faster without the ads.
Two months check up
I checked back with pihole. I know a DNS server is running. The dashboard is broken – the sections just have spinning circle instead of data. It’s already asking me to upgrade to v 3.3.1. I run pihole -up to do the upgrade.
Another little advantage
I can now ssh to my pi by specifying the host as pi.hole – which I can actually remember!
Idea for enterprise
finally, the essence of the idea probably could be ported over to an enterprise. In my opinion the secret sauce are the lists of domain names to clobber. There are five or six of them. Some have 50,000 entries. So you’d probably need a specialized DNS server rather than the default ISC BIND. I remember running a specialized DNS server like that when I ran Puremessage by Sophos. It was optimized to suck in real-time blacklists and the like. I have to dig through my notes to see what we ran. I’m sure it wasn’t dnsmasq, which is what pi-hole runs on the Raspberry Pi! But with these lists and some string manipulation and a simple web server I’d think it’d be possible to replicate in enterprise environment. I may never get the opportunity, more for lack of time than for lack of ability…
Conclusion
Looking for a rewarding project for your Raspberry Pi? Spare yourself Internet advertisements at home by putting it to work.
Intro
Did you ever want to learn about a domain registration but were put off by the hard sell tactics that basically all web-based whois searches subject you to? Me, too. Here’s what you can do.
The details
Linux – so that includes you, Raspberry Pi owners – has a little utility called whois which you can use to get the registrant information of a domain, e.g.,
Admittedly that did not tell us much, but it points us to another whois server we can try, whois.godaddy.com. So try that:
$ whois ‐h whois.godaddy.com johnstechtalk.com
Domain Name: JOHNSTECHTALK.COM
Registry Domain ID: 1795918838_DOMAIN_COM-VRSN
Registrar WHOIS Server: whois.godaddy.com
Registrar URL: http://www.godaddy.com
Updated Date: 2017-03-27T00:52:50Z
Creation Date: 2013-04-23T00:54:17Z
Registrar Registration Expiration Date: 2019-04-23T00:54:17Z
Registrar: GoDaddy.com, LLC
Registrar IANA ID: 146
Registrar Abuse Contact Email: abuse@godaddy.com
Registrar Abuse Contact Phone: +1.4806242505
Domain Status: clientTransferProhibited http://www.icann.org/epp#clientTransferProhibited
Domain Status: clientUpdateProhibited http://www.icann.org/epp#clientUpdateProhibited
Domain Status: clientRenewProhibited http://www.icann.org/epp#clientRenewProhibited
Domain Status: clientDeleteProhibited http://www.icann.org/epp#clientDeleteProhibited
Registry Registrant ID: Not Available From Registry
Registrant Name: ******** ******** (see Notes section below on how to view unmasked data)
Registrant Organization:
Registrant Street: ***** ****
Registrant City: Newton
Registrant State/Province: New Jersey
Registrant Postal Code: 078**
Registrant Country: US
Registrant Phone: +*.**********
Registrant Phone Ext:
Registrant Fax:
Registrant Fax Ext:
Registrant Email: ********@*****.***
Registry Admin ID: Not Available From Registry
Admin Name: ******** ******** (see Notes section below on how to view unmasked data)
...
Domain Name: JOHNSTECHTALK.COM
Registry Domain ID: 1795918838_DOMAIN_COM-VRSN
Registrar WHOIS Server: whois.godaddy.com
Registrar URL: http://www.godaddy.com
Updated Date: 2017-03-27T00:52:50Z
Creation Date: 2013-04-23T00:54:17Z
Registrar Registration Expiration Date: 2019-04-23T00:54:17Z
Registrar: GoDaddy.com, LLC
Registrar IANA ID: 146
Registrar Abuse Contact Email: abuse@godaddy.com
Registrar Abuse Contact Phone: +1.4806242505
Domain Status: clientTransferProhibited http://www.icann.org/epp#clientTransferProhibited
Domain Status: clientUpdateProhibited http://www.icann.org/epp#clientUpdateProhibited
Domain Status: clientRenewProhibited http://www.icann.org/epp#clientRenewProhibited
Domain Status: clientDeleteProhibited http://www.icann.org/epp#clientDeleteProhibited
Registry Registrant ID: Not Available From Registry
Registrant Name: ******** ******** (see Notes section below on how to view unmasked data)
Registrant Organization:
Registrant Street: ***** ****
Registrant City: Newton
Registrant State/Province: New Jersey
Registrant Postal Code: 078**
Registrant Country: US
Registrant Phone: +*.**********
Registrant Phone Ext:
Registrant Fax:
Registrant Fax Ext:
Registrant Email: ********@*****.***
Registry Admin ID: Not Available From Registry
Admin Name: ******** ******** (see Notes section below on how to view unmasked data)
...
So now we’re getting somewhere. So GoDaddy tries to force you to their web page an sell you stuff in any case. Not at all surprising for anyone who’s ever been a GoDaddy customer (includes yours truly). Because that’s what they do. But not all registrars do that.
Here’s a real-life example which made me decide this technique should be more broadly disseminated. I searched for information on a domain in Argentina:
$ whois buenosaires.com.ar
This TLD has no whois server, but you can access the whois database at
http://www.nic.ar/
This TLD has no whois server, but you can access the whois database at
http://www.nic.ar/
Now if you actually try their suggested whois server, it doesn’t even work:
$ whois ‐h www.nic.ar buenosaires.com.ar
Timeout.
Timeout.
What you can do to find the correct whois server is use iana – Internet Assigned Numbers Authority – namely, this page:
So for Argentina I clicked on .ar (I expected to find a separate listing for .com.ar but that was not the case), leading to the page:
See it? At the bottom it shows Whois server: whois.nic.ar. So I try that and voila, meaningful information is returned, no ads accompanying:
$ whois ‐h whois.nic.ar buenosaires.com.ar
% La información a la que estás accediendo se provee exclusivamente para
% fines relacionados con operaciones sobre nombres de dominios y DNS,
% quedando absolutamente prohibido su uso para otros fines.
%
% La DIRECCIÓN NACIONAL DEL REGISTRO DE DOMINIOS DE INTERNET es depositaria
% de la información que los usuarios declaran con la sola finalidad de
% registrar nombres de dominio en ‘.ar’, para ser publicada en el sitio web
% de NIC Argentina.
%
% La información personal que consta en la base de datos generada a partir
% del sistema de registro de nombres de dominios se encuentra amparada por
% la Ley N° 25326 “Protección de Datos Personales” y el Decreto
% Reglamentario 1558/01.
domain: buenosaires.com.ar
registrant: 50030338720
registrar: nicar
registered: 2012-07-05 00:00:00
changed: 2017-06-27 17:42:45.944889
expire: 2018-07-05 00:00:00
contact: 50030338720
name: TRAVEL RESERVATIONS SRL
registrar: nicar
created: 2013-09-05 00:00:00
changed: 2018-04-17 13:14:55.331068
nserver: ns-1588.awsdns-06.co.uk ()
nserver: ns-925.awsdns-51.net ()
nserver: ns-1385.awsdns-45.org ()
nserver: ns-239.awsdns-29.com ()
registrar: nicar
created: 2016-07-01 00:02:28.608837
% La información a la que estás accediendo se provee exclusivamente para
% fines relacionados con operaciones sobre nombres de dominios y DNS,
% quedando absolutamente prohibido su uso para otros fines.
%
% La DIRECCIÓN NACIONAL DEL REGISTRO DE DOMINIOS DE INTERNET es depositaria
% de la información que los usuarios declaran con la sola finalidad de
% registrar nombres de dominio en ‘.ar’, para ser publicada en el sitio web
% de NIC Argentina.
%
% La información personal que consta en la base de datos generada a partir
% del sistema de registro de nombres de dominios se encuentra amparada por
% la Ley N° 25326 “Protección de Datos Personales” y el Decreto
% Reglamentario 1558/01.
domain: buenosaires.com.ar
registrant: 50030338720
registrar: nicar
registered: 2012-07-05 00:00:00
changed: 2017-06-27 17:42:45.944889
expire: 2018-07-05 00:00:00
contact: 50030338720
name: TRAVEL RESERVATIONS SRL
registrar: nicar
created: 2013-09-05 00:00:00
changed: 2018-04-17 13:14:55.331068
nserver: ns-1588.awsdns-06.co.uk ()
nserver: ns-925.awsdns-51.net ()
nserver: ns-1385.awsdns-45.org ()
nserver: ns-239.awsdns-29.com ()
registrar: nicar
created: 2016-07-01 00:02:28.608837
2nd example: goto.jobs
I actually needed this one! So I learned of a domain goto.jobs and I wanted to get some background. So here goes…
$ whois goto.jobs
getaddrinfo(jobswhois.verisign-grs.com): Name or service not known
getaddrinfo(jobswhois.verisign-grs.com): Name or service not known
So off to a bad start, right? So we hit up the .jobs link on iana, https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/jobs.html, and we spy a reference to their whois server:
Registry Information
This domain is managed under ICANN's registrar system. You may register domains in .JOBS through an ICANN accredited registrar. The official list of ICANN accredited registrars is available on ICANN's website.
URL for registration services: http://www.goto.jobs
WHOIS Server: whois.nic.jobs
Registry Information
This domain is managed under ICANN's registrar system. You may register domains in .JOBS through an ICANN accredited registrar. The official list of ICANN accredited registrars is available on ICANN's website.
URL for registration services: http://www.goto.jobs
WHOIS Server: whois.nic.jobs
So we try that:
$ whois ‐h whois.nic.jobs goto.jobs
Domain Name: GOTO.JOBS
Registry Domain ID: 91478530_DOMAIN_JOBS-VRSN
Registrar WHOIS Server: whois-all.nameshare.com
Registrar URL: http://www.nameshare.com
Updated Date: 2018-03-29T20:08:46Z
Creation Date: 2010-02-04T23:54:33Z
Registry Expiry Date: 2019-02-04T23:54:33Z
Registrar: Name Share, Inc
Registrar IANA ID: 667
Registrar Abuse Contact Email:
Registrar Abuse Contact Phone:
Domain Status: clientTransferProhibited https://icann.org/epp#clientTransferProhibited
Name Server: KATE.NS.CLOUDFLARE.COM
Name Server: MARK.NS.CLOUDFLARE.COM
Name Server: NS1.REGISTRY.JOBS
Name Server: NS2.REGISTRY.JOBS
DNSSEC: unsigned
URL of the ICANN Whois Inaccuracy Complaint Form: https://www.icann.org/wicf/
>>> Last update of WHOIS database: 2018-04-23T18:54:31Z <<<
Domain Name: GOTO.JOBS
Registry Domain ID: 91478530_DOMAIN_JOBS-VRSN
Registrar WHOIS Server: whois-all.nameshare.com
Registrar URL: http://www.nameshare.com
Updated Date: 2018-03-29T20:08:46Z
Creation Date: 2010-02-04T23:54:33Z
Registry Expiry Date: 2019-02-04T23:54:33Z
Registrar: Name Share, Inc
Registrar IANA ID: 667
Registrar Abuse Contact Email:
Registrar Abuse Contact Phone:
Domain Status: clientTransferProhibited https://icann.org/epp#clientTransferProhibited
Name Server: KATE.NS.CLOUDFLARE.COM
Name Server: MARK.NS.CLOUDFLARE.COM
Name Server: NS1.REGISTRY.JOBS
Name Server: NS2.REGISTRY.JOBS
DNSSEC: unsigned
URL of the ICANN Whois Inaccuracy Complaint Form: https://www.icann.org/wicf/
>>> Last update of WHOIS database: 2018-04-23T18:54:31Z <<<
Better, but it seems to merely point to a registrar and its whois server:
Bingo! We have hit pay dirt. We have meaningful information about the registrant – an address, phone number and email address – and received no obnoxious ads in return. For me it’s worth the extra steps.
ICANN: another alternative
Most registrar’s whois sites are rate-limited. ICANN’s is not. And they also do not sic ads on you. It is
https://whois.icann.org/en/lookup?name=
ICANN, for the record, it the body that decides what goes on in DNS namespace, for instance, what new gTLDS should be added. You can use its whois tool for all gTLDs, but not in general for ccTLDs.
whois is undergoing changes due to GDPR. Especially the “social” information of the contacts: registrant, admin and technical contacts will be masked, except for perhaps state and country, in the future. But whois is slowly dying and a new standard called RDAP will take its place.
Intro
I am not going to attempt to provide a guide as there are much better guides out there than anything I can produce.
In addition to the arcade function, we wanted to display a slidedeck when not being used for gaming.
Two main approaches I see are
1) install RetroPie, then add X packages
2) install Raspbian, then install RetroPie on top of that
The reason we want X is to run a presentation software such as pipresents, which we are already familiar with.
For approach 1) I roughly followed this installation order.
Notes Install lightdm and lxde
This takes a long time, maybe 30 minutes:
sudo apt install lxde lxde-core lxterminal lxappearance
sudo apt install lightdm
sudo apt-get install xutils
sudo apt-get install xserver-xorg
But one of my games didn’t run properly afterwards, so I am focused on method 2) for now.
I’m having trouble running startx from a non-console terminal. One thing I’m trying is:
sudo usermod -a -G tty pi
sudo apt-get install xserver-xorg-legacy
These two commands still didn’t do the trick, so I edited this file
/etc/X11/Xwrapper.config
and replaced allowed_user=console with allowed_users=anybody, and that worked! Once.
Then I installed RetroPie, turned it off so it does not autostart, and tried startx from a non-console terminal and I see this error:
(EE) xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 2 (Permission denied)
(EE) xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 2 (Permission denied)
then I re-installed xserver-xorg-legacy and startx once again worked. Hmm.
The instructions for installing RetroPie on top of an existing Raspbian installation are here:
https://retropie.org.uk/docs/Manual-Installation/
You should be comfortable with the linux command line. In the end I like this method of installation the best. I’ve done it several times now.
Equipment ideas
These $15 speakers https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B003JTHO3U/ref=oh_aui_detailpage_o01_s01?ie=UTF8&psc=1 only use the USB port for power. They have a standard mini-stereo jack that is compatible with the Pi. I bought them. The Pi has enough juice to power them, which is convenient.
I went with NES (Nintendo Entertainment System) games. This pair of USB controllers I am told are a good approximation of the real thing: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B075ZN1GXK/ref=oh_aui_detailpage_o02_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1. they’re only about $14. Two player arcade quality controller from Recroommasters. About $349.
How to configure two player setup when you have an arcade-style console with only one USB connection
I find the documentation available on the Internet on this particular topic is terrible. In fact I never did find it. This YouTube video was just created. Although it’s specific to their Xtension console it looks to me applicable to any similar console:
Configuration
It takes a little getting used to. There are two main places where you do some configuration. There’s the RetroPie Configuration. Then there’s the emulationstation menu. The main thing to do from the emulationstation menu, which is launched by clicking Start from the main emulationstation screen, is to map the controller keys. For instance I program for an NES controller at home, and bring it to school where there is a cool two-player arcade-style controller which will have to be re-mapped.
The RetroPie configuration shows up from the main screen when you hit the down arrow key or something like that, then A. From here you can launch traditional raspi-config. I also used it to go into RetroPie setup, then into configuration and have emulationstation autolaunch at boot-up. You can also do a reboot from RetroPie setup.
Sound
To force sound out of the 3.5 mm stereo jack, go to RetroPie Configuration|RetroPie Setup|Configuration/tools|801 – audio settings|Headphones – 3.5 mm jack.
To get volume to 100% which you will need with the speakers I list below, go to emulation station menu|sound settings|system volume. By default it seems to be 77% which just isn’t enough juice.
